Rick ard mosaic pro8/5/2023 Along with, the limitations of transformation attempts and the techniques for improvisation of transformation techniques have been discussed in sustainable peanut production. Comparisons of Genetic Engineering methods such as Agrobacterium-mediated and direct gene gun (particle bombardment- mediated) with traditional hybridization have been compiled here, furthermore, candidate genes transformed to achieve fungus-resistance in peanuts have been listed up to provide an overview. This review epitomizes the total scenario from the plant physiological basis of fungal diseases to the peanut development approaches, which aimed to develop a concrete understanding of sustainable management of peanut production. Approaches from various dimensions like cultural management, diseases free cultivar development, hybridization, tissue culture, and genetic transformations have been tried to overcome such challenges. Especially, the fungi are the major constraints that not only hamper the production but also that is deadly health hazardous for both human consumption and poultry-livestock. Several biotic and abiotic stresses are responsible for reaching the expected production of peanuts worldwide. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) or the common ‘peanut’ is a worldwide popular, affordable food containing high protein, calories, vitamins, and minerals. From the high constitutive levels of GUS activity observed, the study concluded that the CsVMV promoter cassette was useful for high-level expression in cassava over repeated cycles of clonal propagation. High and stable pCsVMV-GUS gene expression was maintained over 3 cycles of ratooning under greenhouse conditions, thus showing the absence of undesired gene silencing effects after repeated in vitro subculturing and vegetative propagation. The pCsVMV-GUS gene was also highly expressed in these tissues as well as in tubers of greenhouse grown cassava. In transgenic cassava, the pCsVMV-GUS gene was highly expressed in all tissues and most cell types of in vitro plants including leaf, stem, petiole, and fibrous roots. In tobacco, the pCsVMV-GUS was highly expressed in all tissues tested such as leaf, stem, petiole, and roots. Transgenic tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum SR1) with the same gene construct were also produced. A β-glucuronidase reporter gene under control of pCsVMV (pCsVMV-GUS) was introduced into the cassava landrace ‘Tokunbo’ via Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. The study described a T-DNA vector with a Cassava vein mosaic virus promoter cassette (pCsVMV) and a kanamycin selectable marker gene driven by the 35S Cauliflower mosaic virus promoter with a view to stably express transgenes over repeated cycles of clonal propagation.
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